What’s PGD?

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, in an abbreviation form ‘PGD,’ as the name suggests, is a laboratory technique or, better say, a reproductive procedure that works with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) to minimize the risk of transmitting inherited diseases and failures. This reproductive technology is particularly beneficial for prospective parents at risk of transmitting genetic diseases. For those pursuing IVF in Iran, centers like the MOM Infertility Treatment Center offer PGD as part of their fertility services, allowing parents to ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome.

PGD, along with PGS, is one of the main tests of PGT; preimplantation genetic testing. People who use IVF to treat their fertility issues must be aware that PGD will be a complementary test to ensure the health of their fetuses. In the following, you will read more about PGD, how it works, the best candidates, etc.

What is PGD’s Meaning, and Why is it Important?

PGD is a type of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) that allows specialists to assess embryos at an early stage for genetic abnormalities before they are transferred to the uterus. This procedure is especially valuable for individuals or couples with a family history of genetic disorders. By selecting healthy embryos for implantation, PGD increases the likelihood of a successful pregnancy and reduces the risk of genetic diseases in the offspring.

Key Applications of PGD

PGD is primarily used in the following contexts:

• Identifying Genetic Disorders: PGD helps detect chromosomal abnormalities, including Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and Tay-Sachs disease, among others.
• Enhancing IVF Success Rates: For individuals undergoing IVF, PGD serves as an added step to ensure the selected embryo has a lower risk of genetic issues, which may increase the success rate of the IVF cycle.
• Family Balancing and Genetic Compatibility: In cases where a sibling requires a bone marrow transplant, PGD can assist in selecting an embryo with compatible tissue types, providing a potential match for stem cell donation.

How Does PGD Work?

The PGD process involves multiple steps that take place during an IVF cycle. Here’s a breakdown of how the process unfolds:

1. IVF and Embryo Development: Initially, the IVF process is conducted, where eggs are retrieved, fertilized with sperm, and allowed to develop into embryos.
2. Biopsy of Embryos: On day 5 or 6 of embryo development (blastocyst stage), a few cells from each embryo are carefully removed for genetic analysis. This biopsy is non-invasive to the embryo’s remaining cells.
3. Genetic Testing: The cells extracted are then examined in a laboratory for specific genetic markers, using two primary techniques:

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): This technique amplifies specific DNA segments, allowing precise identification of genetic mutations.
• Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Primarily used to identify chromosomal abnormalities, FISH highlights the presence or absence of specific chromosomes or chromosomal translocations.

1. Selecting Healthy Embryos: After testing, only embryos free from the identified genetic disorders are chosen for implantation. This selection enhances the chances of a healthy pregnancy outcome.

What is PGS?

Ideal Candidates for PGD

While PGD is recommended broadly for individuals at risk of genetic disorders, specific groups stand to benefit significantly:

• Couples with Genetic Disorder History: Families with known inherited conditions can reduce the risk of transmission to their child.
• Women Over 35: Older maternal age increases the likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities; PGD helps identify healthy embryos.
• Recurrent Miscarriage Patients: Women who have experienced recurrent miscarriages, possibly due to chromosomal issues, may find PGD valuable in selecting viable embryos.
• Male Factor Infertility: Men with sperm abnormalities may benefit, as PGD can screen for potential chromosomal issues that impact embryo quality.
• Translocation Carriers: For individuals with chromosomal translocations (rearrangements), PGD assists in identifying embryos with normal chromosomal material, reducing miscarriage risks and developmental abnormalities.

 Safety of PGD

One primary concern for prospective parents is whether PGD affects embryo viability. Although PGD involves the biopsy of a few cells from each embryo, advancements in technology and skilled practitioners significantly reduce the risk of harm. When conducted at reputable clinics with experienced staff, such as MOM Infertility Treatment Center, the procedure is safe, with minimal potential impact on embryo development. Additionally, if embryos are frozen for PGD, they undergo a careful thawing process before transfer to the uterus.

Cost of PGD in IVF

In developed countries, the cost of PGD ranges between $6,000 and $12,000, often excluding IVF costs. In Iran, however, fertility clinics like MOM Infertility Treatment Center offer PGD for approximately $1,500 for up to eight embryos, with additional charges for extra embryos. This cost-effective option makes Iran a competitive destination for couples seeking high-quality reproductive services at a fraction of international prices. Those parents who wish to try PGD on more than eight embryos can do so for an additional $200 to $250 per embryo.

“PGD is available for almost any inherited condition for which the exact mutation is known. A unique test must be developed for each couple, however. This test design may take up to several months to complete before beginning an IVF cycle.” –UCSF Health

PGD Process During an IVF Cycle

PGD integrates seamlessly into the IVF cycle through the following steps:

1. IVF Procedure: Embryos are cultured for five to six days after fertilization.
2. Embryo Biopsy: Cells are carefully extracted from the embryo’s outer layer on day 5 or 6, allowing genetic testing to proceed without affecting the inner cell mass.
3. Genetic Testing and Storage: Embryos undergo genetic testing while being safely frozen for future transfer. The laboratory examines the extracted cells for any abnormalities in DNA structure or chromosome count.
4. Embryo Selection: Based on the PGD results, healthy embryos are chosen for implantation, and couples consult with specialists to finalize their selection.
5. Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET): After selecting the ideal embryo(s), the chosen embryos are thawed and transferred to the woman’s uterus in a later cycle, aiming for a successful pregnancy.

Where PGD Testing Takes Place

PGD requires advanced laboratory facilities staffed with skilled geneticists and embryologists. MOM Infertility Treatment Center in Tehran offers state-of-the-art labs equipped to provide accurate PGD results. The hospital’s experienced embryology and genetics teams coordinate closely with IVF specialists to ensure the highest standards of care.

Benefits of PGD for Prospective Parents

• Reduced Risk of Genetic Disorders: By identifying embryos free from genetic diseases, PGD helps parents avoid passing on inherited conditions.
• Improved IVF Success Rates: PGD contributes to the selection of healthier embryos, potentially increasing the success rate of each IVF cycle.
• Enhanced Family Planning: PGD offers parents control over reproductive health by enabling them to select embryos based on genetic compatibility and health.
• Personalized Treatment Plans: Specialists can tailor treatments based on PGD outcomes, offering couples a more customized approach to fertility care.

Risks and Considerations of PGD

While PGD is generally safe, patients should be aware of some potential risks:

• Embryo Damage: The biopsy may minimally affect embryo viability, though the risk is low with advanced techniques.
• Cost: PGD adds to IVF costs, though centers like MOM Fertility Center offer affordable pricing options.
• Emotional and Ethical Concerns: Deciding which embryos to transfer based on genetic results can be emotionally complex and may require counseling support.

Choosing the Right Facility for PGD

Selecting a reputable facility with experienced staff is crucial for a successful outcome. Look for centers that:

• Have High Success Rates: Success rates often reflect clinic expertise and quality.
• Use Advanced Technology: Facilities with cutting-edge genetic testing equipment produce more accurate results.
• Provide Comprehensive Support: Facilities like MOM Infertility Treatment Center offer full-cycle support, including counseling and genetic consultation.

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Why Choose Iran for PGD?

Iran’s fertility clinics, particularly MOM Infertility Treatment Center, are known for their high-quality services and affordable pricing. With access to top reproductive health experts and state-of-the-art facilities, international patients find Iran an attractive destination for IVF and PGD. MOM Clinic’s strong international department, working alongside CarefulTrip, ensures patients have a smooth journey with support in travel arrangements, local accommodation, and visa assistance.

Final Words

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a vital tool for couples pursuing IVF, enabling them to make informed choices about their reproductive health and reduce the risk of genetic conditions. With advanced technology, skilled practitioners, and affordable prices, Iran’s MOM Infertility Treatment Center provides a high-standard and accessible option for international patients seeking IVF and PGD. Partnering with CarefulTrip, MOM ensures that patients receive seamless support throughout their fertility journey, maximizing their chances of a healthy pregnancy and fulfilling their dream of parenthood.

References:

1. American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM).
2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) – Fertility Problems: Assessment and Treatment.
3. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE).
4. Mayo Clinic – IVF and Genetic Testing Overview
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – ART and Genetic Testing